A Guide to High-Speed Interconnects

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A Guide to High-Speed Interconnects - Fifth Edition

Overview | Contents | Fiigures

Published: July 2010

Single User PDF	$2,995.00
Corporate License	$5,000.00

Overview:

Interconnect technology, the nervous system for any computing, networking, and consumer device, transfers control messages and data within the system and ensures there are no choke points. Increasing bandwidth and the unique requirements of data centers, networking, computing, storage, and embedded systems are driving a host of interconnect technologies. With these diverse requirements and competing stakeholders, interconnects are likely to be specialized for the target applications. At the same time, several of these interconnects will lose out or become niche solutions.

The new edition of "A Guide to High-Speed Interconnects" examines the leading high-speed interconnect technologies—including PCI Express (PCIe) switches, RapidIO switches, PHYs for 40G Ethernet (40GbE) and 100G Ethernet (100GbE), active optical cables for Ethernet, and Light Peak technologies. The report provides an unbiased analysis of their strengths, future potential, and projected market position. In addition, within each interconnect, we examine the key vendors offering silicon products. Within each interconnect we analyze market leaders and their products as well as identify technology leaders. We provide market forecast and share our picks for future winners in each established interconnect segment.

Vendors covered include Alpen, Altera, Aprius, Avago, Cortina, Ensphere, Finisar, IDT, Intel, IPtronics, Luxtera, Mercury, NetLogic Microsystems, NextIO, Pericom, PLX Technology, Semtech, Texas Instruments, Tyco, Virtensys, and Xilinx.

Changes within the interconnect market are likely to introduce disconnects and present opportunities for new leaders to emerge in the affected interconnects. These changes include the adoption of Light Peak, MR-IOV, 40GbE/100GbE, PCI Express Gen2 and changing architectures within the data center.

Table of Contents:

List of Fig.s	vii
List of Tables	ix
About the Authors	xi
About the Publisher	xiii
Preface	xv
Executive Summary	xvii

Chapter 1. High-Speed System Design	1
Signal Integrity	1
System-Interconnect Design Issues	4
PCB and Connectors	5
Signal Transmission	6
Signal Conditioning	7
Clock and Data Recovery	10
Semiconductor Technologies	11
Chapter 2. Interconnect Standards	13
RapidIO	13
PCI and PCI Express	19
Ethernet	24
Physical-Layer Interfaces	30
Optical Modules	31
Light Peak	32
OIF CEI	33
Network Interfaces	34
Chapter 3. HSI Applications	37
What Is High-Speed Interconnect?	37
System-Transceiver Applications	38
Chip-to-Chip Interconnects	40
Chip-to-Module Interconnects	41
Chapter 4. Interconnect Products	43
Interconnect Switch Chips	43
Optical-Module Components	45
Chapter 5. Technology and Market Outlook	49
Technology Trends	49
PCI Express	49
40G and 100G Ethernet Technology Trends	51
RapidIO	52
Light Peak	52
Market Outlook	53
PCI Express	53
RapidIO	55
40GbE and 100GbE	56
Light Peak	57
Chapter 6. PCIe and Rapid IO Switches	59
IDT	59
Company Background	59
PCI Express Products	60
PCIe Switch Design Details	62
RapidIO Products	63
RapidIO Switch Design Details	66
Product Roadmap	67
Conclusions	67
Pericom	68
Company Background	68
Switch Products	69
Conclusions	70
PLX Technology	70
Company Background	70
Switch Products	71
System Design	73
Product Roadmap	74
Conclusions	75
Other Vendors:	75
Mercury Computer	75
Texas Instruments	76
Chapter 7. I/O-Consolidation Products	79
Aprius	79
Company Background	79
Product Details	80
Conclusions	81
NextIO	81
Company Background	81
Product Details	82
Conclusions	83
Virtensys	83
Company Background	83
Product Details	84
Conclusions	86
Chapter 8. Light Peak	87
Intel	87
IPtronics	88
Ensphere	89
Chapter 9. 40GbE and 100GbE PHYs	91
Cortina	91
Company Background	91
Product Details	92
Conclusions	93
NetLogic	93
Company Background	94
Product Details	94
Conclusions	95
Other Vendors	96
Xilinx	96
Altera	97
Semtech	98
Chapter 10. Active Optical Cables	101
AlpenIO	101
Avago	102
Finisar	104
Company Background	104
Product Details	104
Conclusions	106
Luxtera	107
Company Background	107
Product Details	107
Design Details	109
Conclusions	110
Tyco Electronics	110
Chapter 11. Product Comparisons	113
PCI Express Switch Chips	113
PCI Express I/O-Consolidation Products	115
Active Optical Cables	117
40GbE/100GbE Retimers	118
Chapter 12. Conclusions	121
Interconnect Trends	121
PCI Express Switch Vendors	122
RapidIO Switch Vendors	123
40GbE and 100GbE Vendors	124
Closing Thoughts	125
Appendix: Further Reading	127
Index	129

List of Figures:

Fig. 1-1	Transmitted data eye and received data eye after two connectors and 40 inches	2
Fig. 1-2	Transmitted eye with pre-emphasis and received eye	8
Fig. 1-3	Impulse response and equalization	9
Fig. 1-4	Broadcom's 10Gbps data eye, using FR4 dielectric	9
Fig. 1-5	Conceptual phase-locked loop	10
Fig. 2-1	Interconnect examples using RapidIO	15
Fig. 2-2	RapidIO three-layer model	16
Fig. 2-3	PCI Express system connections	20
Fig. 2-4	IEEE 802.3 basic frame format	24
Fig. 2-5	Ethernet physical layer	26
Fig. 2-6	10G Ethernet physical layer	28
Fig. 2-7	40G/100G Ethernet layer model	29
Fig. 2-8	Standard line-card interfaces	34
Fig. 3-1	Block diagram of transceivers in switch applications	39
Fig. 3-2	Block diagram of PCI Express switches used in servers	39
Fig. 3-3	Block diagram of wireless baseband card using RapidIO switch	41
Fig. 3-4	Diagram of Light Peak assembly	42
Fig. 4-1	Block diagram of a generic optical module	45
Fig. 4-2	Block diagram of serializer and deserializer for 25Gbps	47
Fig. 5-1	Revenue forecast for PCI Express bridge and switch chips, 2008–2014	54
Fig. 5-2	Market share of PCIe bridge and switch chips, 2009	54
Fig. 5-3	Revenue forecast for serial RapidIO switch chips, 2009–2014	56
Fig. 5-4	Forecast for 40GbE and 100GbE ports	56
Fig. 6-1	Block diagram of IDT's 24-port switch for PCI Express v2.1	63
Fig. 6-2	IDT's RapidIO products in a simplified baseband card	66
Fig. 6-3	Block diagram of multihost PCI Express system	74
Fig. 7-1	Diagram of Virtensys PCI Express rack switch	84
Fig. 10-1	Photo of AlpenIO's paddleboard	102
Fig. 10-2	Photo of Finisar's C-Wire cable	106
Fig. 10-3	Photo of Luxtera's OptoPhy module	108
Fig. 10-4	Diagram of Luxtera's transceiver and QSFP+ module	109

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